References

1: Monod, J., Chance and Necessity, Knopf: New York, 1971.
2: Morowitz, H. J., Beginnings of Cellular Life, Yale University Press: New Haven, 1992.
3: Pohorille, A.; Wilson, M. A., Origins of Life and Evolution of Biosphere 1995, 25, 21.
4: Schopf, J.W. in Early Life on Earth, Bengtson, S., Ed., Nobel Symposium No. 84. Columbia University Press, New York, 1994, p. 193.
5: Chyba, C. F.; Thomas, P. J.; Brookshaw, L.; Sagan, C., Science 1990, 249, 366.
6: Lowe, D.R. in Early Life on Earth, Bengtson, S., Ed., Nobel Symposium No. 84. Columbia University Press, New York, 1994, p. 24.
7: Chang, S. in Early Life on Earth, Bengtson, S., Ed., Nobel Symposium No. 84. Columbia University Press, New York, 1994, p. 10.
8: Lasic, D.D., Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1993.
9: Deamer, D. W.; Pashley, R. M., Origins of Life and Evolution of Biosphere 1989, 19, 21.
10: Morowitz, H. J.; Heinz, B.; Deamer, D. W., Origins of Life and Evolution of Biosphere 1988, 18, 281.
11: Gilbert, W., Nature 1984, 319, 7618.
12: Wächtershäuser, G., Microbiological Reviews 1988, 452.
13: Allen, M.P.; Tildesley, D.J., Computer Simulation of Liquids, Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1987.
14: Deamer, D.W.; Harang Mahon, E.; Bosco, G. in Early Life on Earth, Bengtson, S., Ed., Nobel Symposium No. 84. Columbia University Press, New York, 1994, p. 107.
15: Jorgensen, W.L.; Chandrasekhar, J.; Madura, J.D.; Impey, R.W.; Klein, M.L., J. Chem. Phys. 1983, 79, 926.
16: Wilson, M.; Pohorille, A., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 1490.
17: Cornell, W.D.; Cieplak, P.; Bayly, C.I.; Gould, I.R.; Merz Jr., K.M.; Ferguson, D.M.; Spellmeyer, D.C.; Fox, T.; Caldwell, J.C.; Kollman, P.A., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 5179.
18: Parsegian, V.A., Nature 1969, 221, 844.
19: Ohki, S., J. Theor. Biol. 1968, 19, 97.
20: Dilger, J.P.; Fisher, L.R.; Haydon, D.A., Chem. Phys. Lipids 1982, 30, 159.
21: Hauser, H.; Oldani, D.; Philips, M.C., Biochemistry 1973, 12, 12.
22: Nagle, J.F.; Scott, H.L., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1978, 513, 236.
23: Deamer, D.W.; Bramhall, J., Chem. Phys. Lipids 1986, 40, 40.
24: Hamilton, R.T.; Kaler, E.W., J. Phys. Chem. 1990, 94, 2560.
25: Cruzeiro-Hansson, L.; Mauritsen, O.G., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1988, 944, 63.
26: Deamer, D.W.; Volkov, A.G., in Permeability and Stability of Lipid Bilayers, Disalvo, E.; Simon, S., Eds., CRC Press: Boca Raton, 1995.
27: Skulachev, V.P. Chemiosmotic systems and the basic principles of cell energetics. in Bioenergetics, Ernster, L., Ed., vol. 23, New Comprehensive Biochemistry. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, 1984.
28: Deamer, D.W., Advances in Space Research 1992, 12, 183.
29: Oesterhelt, D.; Braüchle, C.; Hampp, N., Quart. Rev. Biophys. 1991, 24, 425.
30: Deamer, D.W.; Nichols, J.W., J. Membrane Biol. 1989, 107, 91.
31: Akeson, M.; Deamer, D.W., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1990, 60, 101.
32: Abashkin, Y.; Burt, S.K. Private communication, 1995.
33: Lanyi, J., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1993, 183, 241.
34: DeGrado, W.F.; Lear, J.D., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 7684.
35: Parente, R.A.; Nadasdi, L.; Subbarao, N.K.; Szoka, F.C., Biochemistry 1990, 29, 8713.
36: Pohorille, A.; Wilson, M.A. in Reaction Dynamics in Clusters and Condensed Phases -- The Jerusalem Symposia on Quantum Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jortner, J.; Levine, R. and ; Pullman, B., Eds., vol. 26. Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1993, p. 207.
37: Pohorille, A.; Wilson, M.A. Interaction of a model peptide with a water-bilayer system. in Structure and Reactivity in Aqueous Solution: Characterization of Chemical and Biological Systems, Cramer, C.; Truhlar, D., Eds., ACS Symposium Series No. 568. ACS, Washington D.C., 1994, ch. 11, p. 395.
38: Brack, A.; Barbier, B., Origins of Life and Evolution of Biosphere 1990, 20, 139.
39: Johnsson, K.; Allemann, R.K.; Widmer, H.; Benner, S.A., Nature 1993, 365, 530.
40: Sasaki, T.; Kaiser, E.T., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 380.